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To termites, any violation of their tunnels or nests is a cause for alarm. When termites discover a potential violation, the soldiers normally bang their minds, apparently to entice other troops for defence and also to recruit additional workers to fix any breach.56 Additionally, an alarmed termite bumps into other termites which induces them to be alarmed and to leave pheromone trails to the distressed area, which is also a way to recruit additional workers.56.
The pantropical subfamily Nasutitermitinae includes a specialised caste of soldiers, also known as nasutes, that have the ability to exude noxious fluids via a horn-like frontal projection that they use for defence.155 Nasutes have lost their mandibles through the plan of evolution and must be fed by workers.59 A wide variety of monoterpene hydrocarbon solvents have been identified in the liquids which nasutes secrete.156 Likewise, Formosan subterranean termites have been known to secrete naphthalene to protect their nests.157.
Soldiers of the species Globitermes sulphureus commit suicide by autothysis rupturing a large gland just beneath the surface of the cuticles. The thick, yellow fluid in the gland gets very tacky on contact with the air, entangling ants or other insects that are trying to invade the nest.158159 Another termite, Neocapriterme taracua, additionally engages in suicidal defence.
When soldiers guarding nest entrances are attacked by intruders, they engage in autothysis, creating a block that denies entry to any attacker.161.
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Workers use a number of different strategies to deal with their deceased, including burying, cannibalism, and avoiding a corpse altogether.162163164 To prevent pathogens, termites occasionally engage in necrophoresis, in which a nestmate conveys away a corpse in the colony to eliminate it elsewhere.165 Which approach is used depends on the nature of this corpse a employee is dealing with (i.e.
A species of fungus is known to mimic termite eggs, successfully avoiding its natural predators. These tiny brown chunks, known as"termite balls", seldom kill the eggs, and in some cases the employees tend to them.166 This fungus mimics these eggs by producing a cellulose-digesting enzyme known as glucosidases.167 A unique mimicking behavior exists between different species of Trichopsenius beetles and certain termite species within Reticulitermes.
This compound mimicry makes it possible for the beetles to integrate themselves within the termite colonies.168 The developed appendages on the physogastric abdomen of Austrospirachtha mimetes enables the beetle to mimic a termite worker.169.
Some species of ant have been known to catch termites to utilize as a brand new food origin later on, rather than killing them. By way of example, Formica nigra captures termites, and people who try to escape are immediately seized like it and driven underground.170 Certain species of ants in the subfamily Ponerinae conduct these raids although other ant species move in alone to steal the eggs or nymphs.146 Ants such as Megaponera analis assault the outside of mounds and Dorylinae ants attack underground.146171 Despite this, some termites and ants can coexist peacefully.
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54 species of ants are known to inhabit Nasutitermes mounds, both occupied and abandoned ones.174 One reason many ants live in Nasutitermes mounds is a result of the termites' frequent occurrence in their geographic range; another is to protect themselves from flooding.174175 Iridomyrmex also inhabits termite mounds although no evidence for any kind of relationship (other than a one) is known.116 In rare cases, certain species of termites reside inside busy ant colonies.176 Some invertebrate organisms such as beetles, caterpillars, flies and millipedes are termitophiles and dwell inside termite colonies (they are unable to survive independently).56 As a result, certain beetles and flies have evolved with their hosts.
Mounds may also provide shelter and heat to birds, lizards, snakes and scorpions.56.
Termites are known to transport pollen and regularly visit blossoms,177 are considered as potential pollinators for any number of flowering plants.178 One flower in particular, Rhizanthella gardneri, is regularly pollinated by foraging employees, and it's possibly the only Orchidaceae blossom in the world to be pollinated by termites.177
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Many plants have grown powerful defences against termites. But, seedlings are vulnerable to termite attacks and need additional protection, as their defence mechanisms only grow when they have passed the seedling phase.179 Defence is typically achieved by secreting antifeedant chemicals into the woody cell walls.180 This reduces the ability of termites to efficiently digest the cellulose.
When retained near the extract, they get disoriented and eventually die.181.
Termite populations can be substantially impacted by environmental changes including those caused by human intervention. A Brazilian research investigated the termite assemblages of 3 sites of Caatinga under different levels of anthropogenic disturbance in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil were sampled using 65 x 2 m transects.182 A total of 26 species of termites had been present Read Full Report in the 3 sites, and 196 encounters were recorded in the transects.